Opioids

Opioids Opioids - Opium and related substances: Growing opium (from which opium is extracted) is on large areas, especially in the Middle East, and Far East. After flowering, the plant forms a round-oval capsule that contains its seeds. After aging for about 10 days and harvested capsules incizează latex milky white. By drying it turns to brown and hardens, acquiring a rubbery consistency. This crude form of opium is being shaped lumps, or so-called "bread". The color ranges from brown and black. After processing, the raw opium may be eaten, drank, smoked or injected. Opium contains about 40 different active substances called alkaloids. Main alkaloid morphine. Morphine is extracted directly from poppy white (germ. Opiummohn) or intermediate product. Heroin is extracted by transforming raw opium obtained from morphine, adding different chemicals in a simple chemical process, in several stages. For this process are generally required only basic knowledge in chemistry. The purity of heroin but is directly related to the skills and experience that prepared chemist. Despite some basic procedures and mandatory for obtaining heroin chemicals chemist has sufficient freedom to individual production methods applied. Consequently, the wording heroin drug market provided may differ according to: • formulation during the production process (Bulgaria, granules, powder) • add chemicals and adjuvants that cause variations in color and • changes in the chemical composition. Pure Heroin, "unstretched" rarely reach the market. Often, laboratory preparation of production adds some substance with intent to produce certain effects. Thus, it has been found the addition of strychnine. This substance, used inter alia as a rodenticide, has a stimulating effect, given in small quantities. The consumer could thus more aware of feelings during a state of euphoria (germ. Rausch). The same stimulating effect it has caffeine, heroin frequently added. Apart from these mixtures prepared in the laboratory, the trafficker "stretch" merchandise often glucose, lactose, citric acid or pharmaceuticals (eg. Paracetamol - subst. Active: acetaminophen, n.tr.). If the dealer does not have available but none of these excipients, feel free to use other substances, particularly dangerous. Thus, even were determined detergents, insectidice, lime etc. Forms: - white powder - beige-brown (or granules as soluble tea, heroin from Hongkong) Heroin 1: Heroin Heroin 2: mixture of morphine and heroin Heroin 3: crystallized heroin purity of 30 -60% (Hongkong Rocks) no.4 heroin: heroin particularly concentrated in Turkey, up to 90% purity ("Turkish honey") Toxic used: Dolantina: a synthetic pain reliever similar to morphine acting and also gives , Codeine addiction. monomethyl ether of morphine, the main component of many juices expectorant Methadone: synthetic opiate heroin-like structure (means substitution) tilidine: synthetic morphine, fentanyl active substance of the Valoron N: powerful effects group substances which are used, for example, drugs (medicine - n.tr.) and the synthetic drugs (synthetic heroin). Forms of Consumption: Opioids can be swallowed, injected, snorted, inhaled, smoked or administered as suppositories. Heroin either prizează, inhalation (method called "hailing" or "blowing") or injected intramuscularly, subcutaneously (adipose tissue) or intravenously, the last one being found most frequently. For intravenous injection, it is placed in a spoon an amount of 50 - 150 mg of heroin in water; The mixture was heated until the bulk of the substance is dissolved. For a better solubility citric acid. Heroin addicts obtained solution was then filtered through a pad of cotton wool or filter cigarette withdrawn into a syringe and then injected into a vein. A heroin addict consumes daily from 0.5 to 3 g heroin average concentration. The injections are usually divided into three, sometimes in multiple doses per day. Effects and dangers encountered by abuse: Heroin is practically the same in scope as morphine analgesic effect instead has five to 10 times stronger. At the same time, heroin and powerful euphoric. Like morphine, blurred human intellectual activity and influence mental condition in order to eliminate fear and bad moods. Under the influence of heroin, people appear to be utterly happy. Their needs are fully met, have everything they need. Often, consumers recounts an episode of "flash" (engl. Lightning), a dynamic flow of pleasure which includes the entire body immediately after injection into the bloodstream. All of the effects felt by those who use these drugs is called "kick" (energy, momentum, mobilizing power). Terms powerful amplification function suggests that these feelings can dominate opiate dependent person's behavior, especially when administered by injection. Many consumers develop a dependence on the syringe or needle, regardless of the drug administered. It is estimated that gives needle prickly sensation, "feel the steel." Inject anything from tablets dissolved, methadone, cognac to pond water. The daily amount required depends on the type of opioid substance and degree of habituation. With the disappearance of opioid effect, the absence of perceived state of happiness is amplified in objective reality. Upon further administration disappears depression, as well as the physical withdrawal symptoms. Manifestations of withdrawal from heroin addiction go from mild autonomic disorders (sweating, feeling cold, chills) to severe circulatory collapse, pain in the limbs, abdomen, bones and muscles, sleep disturbances persistent colicky pain and seizures. Single dose effect disappears faster than morphine. The duration of effect is two to three hours, unlike morphine, five to six hours. Accordingly, the phenomenon of withdrawal is installed earlier, that is to say twice as fast as in the case of morphine. Consumers who are already addicted are forced to re-injected heroin increasingly frequently to avoid withdrawal. The frequency of injections that the amount injected per dose should be increased faster than other comparable narcotic effect. From this link high criminal potential of heroin. Because the price is high and the amount consumed achieve orders of magnitude considerable dependence remains not other option but to provide the required amount by committing so-called "crime of procuring". Crime direct and indirect procurement related to heroin appears faster and more intense than occurs when substances dependence. Given the narrow safety margin heroin, ie small difference between tolerable and toxic dose is often found with heroin intoxication, characterized by loss of consciousness and respitarorie depression and circulatory collapse and heart rate extremely low. Respiratory depression is the leading cause of death by overdose. The potential for addiction: injectable heroin seven to ten times may under favorable circumstances, dependence, with all subsequent consequences. The ability to give heroin addiction is extremely high, higher than any other substance. Inhalation and snorting of heorină also lead to addiction. Long-term Consequences: heroin addicts present, as clinical experience, a state heavily altered. The spectrum of diseases associated with drug use is wide: - abscesses in the extremities - dental caries and associated injuries - reducing muscle - trophic changes and injuries to the legs - scabies - ulcers and phlebitis (inflammation of the veins) in legs - purulent bronchitis - pneumonia - STDs - psychiatric crisis / suicidal behavior - HIV - tuberculosis - hepatitis a / B / C infection with hepatitis C and B is a particular problem in drug addicts. In Frankfurt, for example C virus infection occurs in 95% of patients, and the permeability B virus infection is 82%. Since these diseases often become chronic - hepatitis B in 20% of cases and hepatitis C in 70% of cases, it can be assumed that approximately 75% of addicts heorină chronic hepatitis. Evolution is often unfavorable, since the immune system is weakened in most of consumers, inter alia through co-infected with HIV, or by overloading the liver from alcohol or abuse of other substances. Thus, more and more patients suffering from the most severe. In women, usually occurs secondary amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle) which is reversible after several months of forced abstinence. Libido and potency are reduced significantly. Related amenorrhea common in women, it often leave to go unnoticed, task. Pregnancy is observed only in an advanced stage. Newborns of mothers dependent presents a neonatal withdrawal syndrome that occurs usually in 12-48 hours, occasionally to 96 hours after birth. The clinical picture of this syndrome include primarily insomnia, overactive reflexes, tremoorul (involuntary trembling), vomiting, hyperactivity, increased muscle tone, dyspnea, fever and diarrhea. Rarely can occur: sneezing, sweating and seizures. Seriously jeopardize syndrome newborns life. Criminal acts, prostitution and life without a stable home life are the coordinates of the margins of society for many heroin addicts. Most consumers shall, in addition to the disease of addiction, and mental illness. The dependence of the disease can be, in this case, an attempt to heal itself through self-medication (eg, if chronic posttraumatic disorders after repeated severe physical and sexual abuse experienced in childhood).