Cocaine

Provenance: Cocaine is extracted chemically from coca bush leaves. Plant, several meters high, grows in tropical areas of South America and the Indonesian archipelago (Malaizia). Form: white, flocculent, crystalline Consumption: Cocaine is prizează or injected Action: If taken orally, cocaine produces a state of stupor (euphoria), in small doses and poisoning phenomena in higher doses. Cocaine has anesthetic effect on nerve endings free and mucosal wound. In the past, cocaine was used as a local anesthetic are used today in this scopt its synthetic derivatives. The mechanism of action of cocaine is to inhibit the resorption adrenergic neurotransmitters in the storage structures from the sympathetic nerve endings. Thus, under the action of adrenergic mediators cocaine increases the concentration of noradrenaline type. They will cause increased adrenergic arousal, so they generally increases sympathetic tone. This effect explains why cocaine can be used for a limited period, as a substance that increases the performance of the individual. [Sympathicotonia = increased sympathetic excitability. Determines rapid heart rate, pupil dilation (mydriasis), sweating amplification, inhibition of intestinal peristalsis, increased excitability] Thus, cocaine provides performance and subjective feeling of physical force growth and increase endurance and objective application of the maximum level until total exhaustion individual's mental reserves. Under the continuous action of cocaine, the need for sleep is neglected, like hunger, so that the individual can give up more time to food intake. Feeling of fatigue and exhaustion disappears provision is improving and mobilization increases. Of course, all this can be sustained only a limited time. The weakening, fatigue, exhaustion, physical degradation and, ultimately, renal functional consequences of substance use for a long time, besides appearing severe psychological dependence on any substance not install so strong, so soon as cocaine. The state of euphoria: stupefaction during cocaine is characterized by a state of euphoria, a feeling of happiness superhuman and supernatural state of contentment, the momentum of all feelings and a sense of oneness with the world overwhelmingly - experiences memory loss while generating conflicts and problems. Increased mobilization, disinhibition, increased ability to establish new contacts, fantasies of omnipotence and sexual stimulation are also part of cocaine stupor time. Cocaine stupor time can be divided into three stages: Stage Stage depressive stupor euphoric stage euphoric stage: If the setting of substance, first euphoric changes already occurring shortly after dosing. Consumers are very cheerful and feel happy. Morale improves increasingly more so will feel an increased need for communication (verbose), followed by an acceleration of cognitive processes (tahipsihie). In parallel, there is a progressive decrease in critical discernment and loss of sense of distance. Inhibitions are removed, fear disappears, the contacts become easier. Euphoric stage, the positive feelings, characterized by statisfacţie and happiness is described by consumers as proper order as the desired effect of consumption. The state of stupor: In the second stage, the stuporii, in addition to the modification described above, occur frequently incorrect assessment of reality, pseudohalucinaţii, and optical and auditory hallucinations true. In many cases describe a clinical paranoid-hallucinatory, with ideas relating to their own experiences. Cocaine junkies threatening voices and chastening. Often say that they would talk about it, that would know everything about them. In addition, some of them are installed and tactile hallucinations or ventures in which, for example, those concerned feel the presence of small animals or objects sensitive to their skin; sometimes they also "see". Consciousness disorder is not significant during the stage of stupor. Depressive stage: Stage Three, depression, fatigue is primarily, indifference and passivity often infiltrated by thoughts and suicidal ideation. This stage is a dangerous episode of cocaine as a risk is latent, uncontrollable of suicide, you can update imminently. Poisoning: There are, on the one hand, cocaine shock and, on the other hand, acute cocaine intoxication. The shock of cocaine is manifested by severe circulatory failure and severe dyspnoea already occurring at low quantities. It is a type of hypersensitivity reaction. Acute cocaine intoxication is instead the consequence of substance overdose. Acute cocaine intoxication feature is greatly increased sympathetic tone, manifested through dilated pupils, bright eyes (glassy), tachycardia (rapid heart rate), roşirea face, sweating, hyperventilation (rapid breathing), increased temperature and increased blood pressure. Central nervous excitement may lead to the occurrence of seizures and primitive movements, but also of some hallucination. Finally, the clinical picture presented which degenerates into unconsciousness, respiratory depression and collapse with blood circulation will lead to death if not applicable medical intensive care measures. Dependence: During the use, there is a strong and rapid increase in the dose of from 0.1 to 15 g, in individual cases even up to 30 g daily. Rapid increases not only the frequency of administration, and amount administered each time. Cocainismul is strong psychological dependence and a strong tendency to increase the dose in the absence of physical dependence or tolerance of substance. Cocainomania is the most eloquent example of psychological dependence only, in respect of its destructive effect is comparable to physical and psychological dependence to opioids time. Withdrawal psychic phenomena occurring abstinence are often so strong that can lead to suicide attempts, since the capabilities of the individual during abstinence is maintained - as opposed to abstinence syndrome opioidomanului. Special Hazards: Cocaine usually be prizează. Consequently, the nasal mucosa will present swelling, ulceration and - in severe cases - even perforation of the nasal septum, which will cause a blockage in the nose and a corresponding change in the physiognomy. On today's stage drug, cocaine is consumed, usually in processes of drug abusers. Obviously, it was not long disponiblă in sufficient quantities to make a real competition heroin. In recent years, however, it seems that his place in the drug scene. Only addicted to cocaine are now a rarity in current psychiatric clinical practice, most often transient or occasional substance is consumed during a general depdendenţe advanced drug. Some consumers deliberately injecting mixtures of cocaine and heroin - the so-called "speed-ball". Were also seen cases where consumers are sold "spped-ball" instead of pure cocaine. This induces no time dependence of heroin cocaine without his knowledge and will. Psychosis: A characteristic effect of cocaine is the so-called tactile hallucinations. Presence of psychotic patients feel as tiny creatures, of fine dust particles or small objects on their skin, which pretend sometimes that you and I see. Consequently, it will scratch strong (traces of scratching). Long-term sequelae: cocaine addicts show alterations typical character addiction. Serious brain damage can occur, such as encephalomalacia ("cerebral softening substance", n. Tr.), Leading to dementia. In the final stage there is a total physical disintegration.

Opioids

Opioids Opioids - Opium and related substances: Growing opium (from which opium is extracted) is on large areas, especially in the Middle East, and Far East. After flowering, the plant forms a round-oval capsule that contains its seeds. After aging for about 10 days and harvested capsules incizează latex milky white. By drying it turns to brown and hardens, acquiring a rubbery consistency. This crude form of opium is being shaped lumps, or so-called "bread". The color ranges from brown and black. After processing, the raw opium may be eaten, drank, smoked or injected. Opium contains about 40 different active substances called alkaloids. Main alkaloid morphine. Morphine is extracted directly from poppy white (germ. Opiummohn) or intermediate product. Heroin is extracted by transforming raw opium obtained from morphine, adding different chemicals in a simple chemical process, in several stages. For this process are generally required only basic knowledge in chemistry. The purity of heroin but is directly related to the skills and experience that prepared chemist. Despite some basic procedures and mandatory for obtaining heroin chemicals chemist has sufficient freedom to individual production methods applied. Consequently, the wording heroin drug market provided may differ according to: • formulation during the production process (Bulgaria, granules, powder) • add chemicals and adjuvants that cause variations in color and • changes in the chemical composition. Pure Heroin, "unstretched" rarely reach the market. Often, laboratory preparation of production adds some substance with intent to produce certain effects. Thus, it has been found the addition of strychnine. This substance, used inter alia as a rodenticide, has a stimulating effect, given in small quantities. The consumer could thus more aware of feelings during a state of euphoria (germ. Rausch). The same stimulating effect it has caffeine, heroin frequently added. Apart from these mixtures prepared in the laboratory, the trafficker "stretch" merchandise often glucose, lactose, citric acid or pharmaceuticals (eg. Paracetamol - subst. Active: acetaminophen, n.tr.). If the dealer does not have available but none of these excipients, feel free to use other substances, particularly dangerous. Thus, even were determined detergents, insectidice, lime etc. Forms: - white powder - beige-brown (or granules as soluble tea, heroin from Hongkong) Heroin 1: Heroin Heroin 2: mixture of morphine and heroin Heroin 3: crystallized heroin purity of 30 -60% (Hongkong Rocks) no.4 heroin: heroin particularly concentrated in Turkey, up to 90% purity ("Turkish honey") Toxic used: Dolantina: a synthetic pain reliever similar to morphine acting and also gives , Codeine addiction. monomethyl ether of morphine, the main component of many juices expectorant Methadone: synthetic opiate heroin-like structure (means substitution) tilidine: synthetic morphine, fentanyl active substance of the Valoron N: powerful effects group substances which are used, for example, drugs (medicine - n.tr.) and the synthetic drugs (synthetic heroin). Forms of Consumption: Opioids can be swallowed, injected, snorted, inhaled, smoked or administered as suppositories. Heroin either prizează, inhalation (method called "hailing" or "blowing") or injected intramuscularly, subcutaneously (adipose tissue) or intravenously, the last one being found most frequently. For intravenous injection, it is placed in a spoon an amount of 50 - 150 mg of heroin in water; The mixture was heated until the bulk of the substance is dissolved. For a better solubility citric acid. Heroin addicts obtained solution was then filtered through a pad of cotton wool or filter cigarette withdrawn into a syringe and then injected into a vein. A heroin addict consumes daily from 0.5 to 3 g heroin average concentration. The injections are usually divided into three, sometimes in multiple doses per day. Effects and dangers encountered by abuse: Heroin is practically the same in scope as morphine analgesic effect instead has five to 10 times stronger. At the same time, heroin and powerful euphoric. Like morphine, blurred human intellectual activity and influence mental condition in order to eliminate fear and bad moods. Under the influence of heroin, people appear to be utterly happy. Their needs are fully met, have everything they need. Often, consumers recounts an episode of "flash" (engl. Lightning), a dynamic flow of pleasure which includes the entire body immediately after injection into the bloodstream. All of the effects felt by those who use these drugs is called "kick" (energy, momentum, mobilizing power). Terms powerful amplification function suggests that these feelings can dominate opiate dependent person's behavior, especially when administered by injection. Many consumers develop a dependence on the syringe or needle, regardless of the drug administered. It is estimated that gives needle prickly sensation, "feel the steel." Inject anything from tablets dissolved, methadone, cognac to pond water. The daily amount required depends on the type of opioid substance and degree of habituation. With the disappearance of opioid effect, the absence of perceived state of happiness is amplified in objective reality. Upon further administration disappears depression, as well as the physical withdrawal symptoms. Manifestations of withdrawal from heroin addiction go from mild autonomic disorders (sweating, feeling cold, chills) to severe circulatory collapse, pain in the limbs, abdomen, bones and muscles, sleep disturbances persistent colicky pain and seizures. Single dose effect disappears faster than morphine. The duration of effect is two to three hours, unlike morphine, five to six hours. Accordingly, the phenomenon of withdrawal is installed earlier, that is to say twice as fast as in the case of morphine. Consumers who are already addicted are forced to re-injected heroin increasingly frequently to avoid withdrawal. The frequency of injections that the amount injected per dose should be increased faster than other comparable narcotic effect. From this link high criminal potential of heroin. Because the price is high and the amount consumed achieve orders of magnitude considerable dependence remains not other option but to provide the required amount by committing so-called "crime of procuring". Crime direct and indirect procurement related to heroin appears faster and more intense than occurs when substances dependence. Given the narrow safety margin heroin, ie small difference between tolerable and toxic dose is often found with heroin intoxication, characterized by loss of consciousness and respitarorie depression and circulatory collapse and heart rate extremely low. Respiratory depression is the leading cause of death by overdose. The potential for addiction: injectable heroin seven to ten times may under favorable circumstances, dependence, with all subsequent consequences. The ability to give heroin addiction is extremely high, higher than any other substance. Inhalation and snorting of heorină also lead to addiction. Long-term Consequences: heroin addicts present, as clinical experience, a state heavily altered. The spectrum of diseases associated with drug use is wide: - abscesses in the extremities - dental caries and associated injuries - reducing muscle - trophic changes and injuries to the legs - scabies - ulcers and phlebitis (inflammation of the veins) in legs - purulent bronchitis - pneumonia - STDs - psychiatric crisis / suicidal behavior - HIV - tuberculosis - hepatitis a / B / C infection with hepatitis C and B is a particular problem in drug addicts. In Frankfurt, for example C virus infection occurs in 95% of patients, and the permeability B virus infection is 82%. Since these diseases often become chronic - hepatitis B in 20% of cases and hepatitis C in 70% of cases, it can be assumed that approximately 75% of addicts heorină chronic hepatitis. Evolution is often unfavorable, since the immune system is weakened in most of consumers, inter alia through co-infected with HIV, or by overloading the liver from alcohol or abuse of other substances. Thus, more and more patients suffering from the most severe. In women, usually occurs secondary amenorrhea (absence of menstrual cycle) which is reversible after several months of forced abstinence. Libido and potency are reduced significantly. Related amenorrhea common in women, it often leave to go unnoticed, task. Pregnancy is observed only in an advanced stage. Newborns of mothers dependent presents a neonatal withdrawal syndrome that occurs usually in 12-48 hours, occasionally to 96 hours after birth. The clinical picture of this syndrome include primarily insomnia, overactive reflexes, tremoorul (involuntary trembling), vomiting, hyperactivity, increased muscle tone, dyspnea, fever and diarrhea. Rarely can occur: sneezing, sweating and seizures. Seriously jeopardize syndrome newborns life. Criminal acts, prostitution and life without a stable home life are the coordinates of the margins of society for many heroin addicts. Most consumers shall, in addition to the disease of addiction, and mental illness. The dependence of the disease can be, in this case, an attempt to heal itself through self-medication (eg, if chronic posttraumatic disorders after repeated severe physical and sexual abuse experienced in childhood).

The Methadone

Methadone

Methadone is an opioid synthetically produced similar effect of morphine, developed in 1942 by Hoechster paint factory. It was patented in 1953 and marketed as strong as the POLAMIDONR analgesic. Since 1960, methadone was used (first in the US) as a substance against physical abstinence syndrome in heroin detoxification. As a substitute, methadone is appropriate for several reasons: • It can be produced synthetically. Thus, combat opium cultivation and trafficking of opiates products. • Can be administered without significant impairment of efficiency, and in the form of tablets or drops. The droplets are most often dissolved in orange juice. • Has the effect of longer than heroin, so there should be administered only once a day. • By installing insidious effect when administered orally does not produce the so-called kick (strong feeling of euphoria, sudden shortly after administration). The lack euphoric feeling that aggravates addictiei. But if methadone is administered intravenously, the effect is similar to a dose of injected heroin. For patients who do not support oral methadone in Switzerland is possible to obtain methadone as a solution for injection. Composition Methadone is a racemic twin consists of two molecules (enantiomers), contained in an equal proportion (50%): Levomethadone ((R) - methadone) and dextrometadona ((S) -metadona). In Germany, methadone is issued only in pharmacies and only by presenting a special recipes (recipe embossing). Side effects sedative effect, profuse sweating, euphoria, miosis, rarely tachycardia, hypotension, constipation (like all opioids, is paralytic action on intestinal peristalsis), respiratory depression (inhibition of respiratory automatism). Poisoning Signs of an overdose include: severe respiratory depression, hypotension, marked tachycardia, hyperthermia, disturbances of consciousness to coma. Directions Levomethadone can be administered as tablets, intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (IM) and the injectable solution drops. In medicine, is administered as analgesic strength, low in side effects, eg myocardial infarction and tumor pain.

Smoke

SMOKING KILLS

 The World Health Organization calendar day 31 is designated as World Day of fight against smoking. This year's slogan is: "Smoking kills - do not be fooled." Despite the $ 6 billion spent annually by tobacco companies to convince us of the benefits of smoking, the reality is that smoking kills in the real sense. Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 different chemicals, of which over 300 are toxic to humans nicotine, arsenic, radon, cyanide, phenol, DDT, asbestos, benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, etc.) and other 43 are carcinogenic. Most toxic compounds are nicotine, tars and carbon monoxide. Nicotine stimulates the release of catecholamines heart that increase blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen demand of the heart. Also, nicotine stimulates the nervous system by binding to central cholinergic receptors after only 7 seconds after inhalation. This activates neuro-humoral pathways and lead to the release of hormones and neurotransmitters. This explains the euphoric effects of nicotine addiction and installation. Tars in tobacco smoke are carcinogenic. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity and promotes atherosclerosis. It is estimated that smoking of a single cigarette shortens life by 7 minutes, and the smoking a pack of cigarettes per day shortens life of 140 minutes / day, 51,100 minutes / year or 35.5 days / year. This means that smokers have less years 11 months! According to recent studies, the mortality rate among smokers is 2-3 times greater than nonsmokers to all age groups. This means that half of smokers will eventually die as a result of smoking. If current trends persist related to smoking, approximately 500 million people living today, ie approx. 9% of the world population will die as a result of tobacco use. About half of tobacco-related deaths occur between 35-69 years, which makes smoking the most important cause of premature death in civilized countries. Many people who die from smoking or smoke more cigarettes per day, but most adolescent smokers. Smokers past 30 years suffer 5 times more heart attacks than non-smokers. In fact myocardial infarction is the main way that smoking kills young. it is estimated that smoking is responsible for about 75% of infarctions that occur in smokers under the age of 50 years. But the effects of smoking do not stop there. Smoking causes about. 30% of cancer deaths. On average, about 90-95% of lung cancer deaths in men and 70-75% in women are due to smoking. Smoking causes other cancers: of trachea, bronchus, larynx, oral cavity, lips, tongue, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, kidney, stomach and cervix. Someone had the curiosity of alphabetized names smoking related diseases. The result was surprising: for each letter of the alphabet have at least one disease! 10 comments: Send by Email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to FacebookTrimiteţi to Pinterest Links to this post Reactions: Drug सोल्वेंती सी उस्तेंसिले History: In the 50s, inhaling glue was widespread among adolescents American and Swedish . Adhesives containing toluene and volatile solvents were spotted on handkerchiefs (which then were held in front of your mouth and nazului), or pour into bags for their breathing vapors. Other substances: Substances which are suitable for inhalation (sniffing) are chemical solvents in industry, DIY and the home, such as glues, solvents for adhesives, paints and varnishes, gasoline, acetone, butilacetatul, dichloromethane, hexane, xylol, carbon tetrachloride ("Tetra") and fluorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. The diluent used by painters for their colors contain, for example, toluene. Chloroform, or trichloromethane, it is a solvent with the narcotic properties of non-flammable vapors. Form of consumption: Inhalation (sniffing, germ. Schnüffeln) especially dangerous is version using plastic bags because - drawn too much over head - can lead to death if not installed narcotic effect rapid and uncontrollable intoxication by the consumer . Mode of action of solvents with narcotic effect: The four stages of narcosis (for understanding mdicalfarmacologică): 1. Analgesia: pain perception is inhibited, and the ability of self-criticism and temporo-spatial orientation. 2. Excitation: The almost total inhibition of impulses "frenatoare" higher-level cortical disinhibition occurs lower motor centers. If the abolition or disorder of consciousness there is a hyper engine. This stage is nervous excitatţie combat in modern anesthesiology, the muscle relaxant drugs. 3. Tolerance: In addition to the cerebral cortex, are inhibited and diencephalic and spinal cord. Muscle tone is reduced, consciousness is abolished, but the heart beat and breathing still works. 4. Palsy: In this stage are affected and vegetative centers of the brainstem, breathing and circulation is disturbed. When narcotics are used as narcotic drugs, consumer trying to reach only the first two stages. Tends to reach that state of confusion and unusual euphoric, with a slight disturbance of consciousness, no longer perceive personal problems that torment him when he's awake and the emotional and spiritual tensions are mitigated. In this state, autosuggestion can become "reality" through lack of consciousness rooted in objective reality, so that homeless teenager turns mighty Superman Tarzan or its comic strips. We distinguish four stages of action of inhaled substances (sniff): In the first of these occur: nausea, pain in the legs, or the sensation of brain pressure. In the second describes the increased sensitivity to external stimuli associated with well-being and sense of weightlessness, similar to alcohol intoxication. The third stage is comparable to a light sleep, the homeless experience their "cut" some dreams during the day. The fourth stage is unconsciousness. Sequelae and risks: Almost all solvents are toxic effect when regular abuse. Chloroform causes liver damage and cause - in large doses - respiratory paralysis, or at least serious nervous disorders due to brain hypoxia. Abuse of trichlorethylene causes inflammation of the nerve, facial nerve pain and suffering heart also nervous conditioned (by driving impulse disorder). The teenagers who inhaled regularly for several years, toluene vapor were observed delirium (delirium tremens see at chap. Alcohol) several days. In addition to respiratory arrest, circulatory collapse is an important cardiovascular cause of death. Confusional states may occur with hiperexcitaţie reactions, anxiety and panic. In addition, it can cause burns and combustion (chemical burns) airway. Circle of people affected: It is noted especially young adolescents (10-15 years) from the lowest strata. Solitary Consumers are few, but the more at risk because not act in a certain context, this usually keeps long and suffered usually psychological trauma before consumption. Long-term sequelae: liver damage, kidney, nerve and brain. Who utensils drugs, needs certain tools. Depending on narcotic use and route of administration, drug addicts are in possession of the most diverse accessories. Hashish smoking Tools: Pipe, hookah (Shisha) shillum (special apparatus for smoking hashish) and own production facilities hashish cigarettes (engl. Joint) storage tanks (photographic film boxes, boxes of medicines) scales letters (for small weights - n. tr.) for weighing doses of aluminum foil consumption is packaged portions of hashish tanks for synthetic drugs with unknown powders small envelopes, folded (for packing powder) (engl. hits - each portion corresponds to hit = hit, n. tr.) Capsule storage tanks syringe LSD small boxes packaging materials, eg. Small pieces of aluminum foil; duct tape Envelopes for cocaine small folded paper and aluminum foil, the tanks for storage of packaged cocaine cocaine cocainomanului kit containing: mirror, razor blade, sticky pads for sniffing, storage boxes, sticky pads for sniffing syringe (metal, glass, or plastic) teaspoon cocainomanului for small crack plastic storage box special for heroin Envelopes Pipe small folded paper, cellophane or aluminum foil is packaged heroin (hits) usually syringes sooty disposable spoons that dissolve heroin; a lighter to heat the solution and cotton wool or broken cigarette filters, which filter heroin during suction syringe shoelace, belt or rubber hose, as a tourniquet to compress to the injection vein 3 comments : Send by email ThisBlogThis! Share to TwitterShare to FacebookTrimiteţi to Pinterest links to this post reactions: methadone methadone is an opioid synthetically produced similar effect of morphine, developed in 1942 by Hoechster paint factory. It was patented in 1953 and marketed as strong as the POLAMIDONR analgesic. Since 1960, methadone was used (first in the US) as a substance against physical abstinence syndrome in heroin detoxification. As a substitute, methadone is appropriate for several reasons: • It can be produced synthetically. Thus, combat opium cultivation and trafficking of opiates products. • Can be administered without significant impairment of efficiency, and in the form of tablets or drops. The droplets are most often dissolved in orange juice. • Has the effect of longer than heroin, so there should be administered only once a day. • By installing insidious effect when administered orally does not produce the so-called kick (strong feeling of euphoria, sudden shortly after administration). The lack euphoric feeling that aggravates addictiei. But if methadone is administered intravenously, the effect is similar to a dose of injected heroin. For patients who do not support oral methadone in Switzerland is possible to obtain methadone as a solution for injection. Composition Methadone is a racemic twin consists of two molecules (enantiomers), contained in an equal proportion (50%): Levomethadone ((R) - methadone) and dextrometadona ((S) -metadona). In Germany, methadone is issued only in pharmacies and only by presenting a special recipes (recipe embossing). Side effects sedative effect, profuse sweating, euphoria, miosis, rarely tachycardia, hypotension, constipation (like all opioids, is paralytic action on intestinal peristalsis), respiratory depression (inhibition of respiratory automatism). Poisoning Signs of an overdose include: severe respiratory depression, hypotension, marked tachycardia, hyperthermia, disturbances of consciousness to coma. Directions Levomethadone can be administered as tablets, intravenous (iv) and intramuscular (IM) and the injectable solution drops. In medicine, is administered as analgesic strength, low in side effects, eg myocardial infarction and tumor pain.